International policies affirm the weapon-of-war character of sexual violence. Moreover, groups that are selectively targeted may decide to leave an area rather than risk becoming the victims of violations. Costs to communities include the destruction of trust and social cohesion. The psychological costs are immeasurable as it demolishes a basic sense of security for men it often in addition puts in question their masculinity. Whether or not sexual violence is effective as a strategy of war, it has clear effects on its victims. The weapon-of-war character of sexual violence it includes castration in addition to rape, forced prostitution and other violations women experience), and it is more often perpetrated in situations of detention (such as for example at Abu Ghraib). Sexual violence against men differs in form (e.g. Increasing evidence shows that sexual violence targets also men, and there have been reports of significant levels of such violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Syria, Sri Lanka, Peru, and Bosnia. Sexual violence against women and girls in Yemen, South Sudan, and Iraq, Yazidi women in Northern Iraq, and Rohingya women and girls fleeing the Myanmar military all seem to point to the new normality of such practices. However, neither issue has gone away, and there is a sense that sexual violence in conflict has become a standard repertoire of warfare. Reliable statistics of the extent of such violence and abuse are difficult to establish.
Infamous reports of sexual exploitation and abuse from UN peacekeepers trailed these stories of systematic rape. The issue first burst on the international agenda with the rape camps reported from Bosnia in the 1990s. Horrifying stories of sexual violence perpetrated in the context of armed conflict have become ubiquitous.
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